Review Of Revolutionizing Biofuel Production: Sustainable Methods For Converting Waste Cooking Oil Into Biodiesel

Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable energy has intensified research into biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO), an eco-friendly and cost-effective feedstock. This review synthesizes advancements in WCO-to-biodiesel conversion technologies, focusing on transesterification methods including conventional, microwave-assisted, and enzymatic processes optimized through catalytic innovation (e.g., nanocatalysts) and process intensification (e.g., microwave irradiation). Key findings highlight microwave-assisted transesterification, achieving 97% yield with steel slag catalysts, while enzymatic methods offer high purity with minimal byproducts. Challenges like feedstock variability and scalability are addressed via techno- economic analyses and machine learning. The study underscores WCO biodiesel’s environmental benefits, including reduced emissions and a 78% lower carbon footprint than fossil diesel, while emphasizing Malaysia’s leadership in palm-based biodiesel under its National Biofuel Policy. Future directions include circular economy integration and advanced catalysis for industrial adoption.